Central banks: hear no inflation, see no inflation, speak no inflation

Central banks: hear no inflation, see no inflation, speak no inflationCentral banks: hear no inflation, see no inflation, speak no inflation

While global inflationary expectations have moderated as a risk-on mindset has gained momentum following the French Presidential first round vote, actual inflation is surprising to the upside. While the Bank of Japan (BOJ) and European Central Bank (ECB) have met investor expectations for policy announcements in recent days, the US Federal Reserve (Fed) could disappoint at its June meeting. hear no inflation, see no inflation, speak no inflation

Major central banks have recently maintained the status quo with expansive stimulus programs, reluctant to rein in stimulus programs. While such cautious behaviour will prevent another ‘taper tantrum’ it could see inflation meaningfully breach inflation targets. Inflationary expectations have moderated, but we feel rising inflationary momentum is being underestimated by some central banks.

Understandably, the BOJ is no closer to tapering: the Japanese central bank softened its inflation outlook at this week’s meeting (from 1.5% to 1.4% by 2017/18), as wage growth remains muted, despite a relatively tight labour market.

Similarly, the ECB remains cautious in its approach, appearing to lack confidence in its expectation that inflation will return to its target. Although not explicitly stated, the political uncertainty in Europe must be a concern for the central bank as it delays the return of normal economic activity. The political uncertainty that is rife in Europe hinders a proactive reform agenda for government policy. The ECB’s simulative stance is positive for supporting growth but will likely need to be modified before year-end as inflationary pressure picks up, fuelled by growth momentum, as uncertainty fades. Undervalued European equity markets are likely to benefit, not be hampered, by a more hawkish ECB, as they respond to the potential from a stronger economic landscape. The Euro should also be supported by the ECB reducing its stimulus,

Meanwhile the Fed is likely to disappoint the market by keeping rates unchanged. The market is pricing in a 60% chance of a rate hike at its June meeting (from highs of 85% in recent weeks). We expect that June is too soon for the Fed to raise rates despite the upward momentum in core inflation. The USD will remain soft, encumbered by a central bank that remains behind the curve despite evidence of building growth and inflation pressures.

Central banks: hear no inflation, see no inflation, speak no inflation by Martin Arnold

Martin Arnold, Global FX & Commodity Strategist at ETF Securities

Martin Arnold joined ETF Securities as a research analyst in 2009 and was promoted to Global FX & Commodity Strategist in 2014. Martin has a wealth of experience in strategy and economics with his most recent role formulating an FX strategy at an independent research consultancy. Martin has a strong background in macroeconomics and financial analysis – gained both at the Reserve Bank of Australia and in the private commercial banking sector – and experience covering a range of asset classes including equities and bonds. Martin holds a Bachelor of Economics from the University of New South Wales (Australia), a Master of Commerce from the University of Wollongong (Australia) and attained a Graduate Diploma of Applied Finance and Investment from the Securities Institute of Australia.

Negativa räntor, inte utan konsekvenser

Negativa räntor, inte utan konsekvenser

Under denna månad kommer många viktiga centralbanker runt om i världen att hålla sina penningpolitiska möten, till exempel Europeiska centralbanken (ECB), Bank of Japan (BOJ), Bank of England (BOE) och amerikanska Federal Reserve (FED). Medan FED har rört sig mot en stramare penningpolitik väljer många andra centralbanker att driva en ackommoderande penningpolitik, en del har till och med valt att gå över till negativa räntor, inte utan konsekvenser.

Hos FED har beslutsfattarna nyligen tillkännagivit att en politik som omfattar negativa räntor inte är ett konstruktivt alternativ för USA i skrivande stund. I själva verket räknar de flesta analytiker med att FED kommer att höja räntorna senare under året. Samtidigt finns det en oro för den strävan efter negativa räntor hos centralbanker som BOJ och ECB.

En viktig kritik av låg ränta miljö vi befinner oss i är att många människor som vill spara sina pengar i en bank för att få räntor för att kunna skydda sig mot inflationen. Med negativa räntor får de istället betala för att stoppa in sina pengar på banken.

Viktigare är emellertid att även om många centralbanker har pressat räntorna lägre och lägre i ett försök att öka den ekonomiska tillväxten så har det inte visat sig vara effektivt på ett meningsfullt sätt. Teoretiskt innebär låga (eller negativa) räntor att investerare och företag skall avskräckas från att ha pengarna på banken, och istället uppmuntras att spendera dem. Låga och negativa räntor skall enligt teorin också uppmuntra bankerna att låna ut pengar mer aggressivt, något vi inte sett.

Ingen påverkan på den globala ekonomin

Vi ser ingen större effekt på den globala ekonomin, detta trots att det trycks mer och mer pengar och att så gott som alla de stora ekonomierna har låga eller negativa räntor. ECB var först ut med de negativa räntorna 2014, och snart följde Danmark, Sverige, Schweiz och Japan efter. Nu tvingas bankerna i dessa länder att betala för att sätta in pengar hos centralbanken. Vi ser också hur investerare som köper statsobligationer måste betala för förmånen att låna ut sina pengar till staten.

Det går att konstatera att en politik med negativa räntor inte skapat de positiva resultat som beslutsfattarna hade hoppats på. De negativa räntorna minskar bankernas marginaler och gör att de blir ovilliga att låna ut pengar.

Många människor som normalt skulle sätta in sina pengar på banken väljer istället att placera sina pengar i bankfack eller i madrassen. Bristen på ränteintäkter gör människor som inte har möjlighet att investera pengar på annat håll känner att de är ekonomiskt missgynnade.

Skapar problem för pensionsbolagen

Det är emellertid inte bara privatpersoner som drabbas. Många pensionsbolag och pensionsfonder har fått stora problem eftersom de statsobligationer som de normalt äger, i vissa fall tvingas äga enligt lag för att inte riskera pensioner, ger låg eller ingen avkastning. Samtidigt har pensionsbolag och pensionsfonder åtaganden mot pensionärerna vilka blir svåra att uppfylla i denna lågräntemiljö.

Resultatet har blivit en jakt på avkastning även bland institutionella investerare, vilket leder dem till mer mot riskfyllda obligationer och aktier. Detta gör att många röster nu höjs om att finansmarknaden föredrar riskfyllda investeringar och att vi kan stå inför en kommande finanskris.

Valutakonkurrens

Det finns en annan aspekt på denna utveckling, valutakonkurrens. När en valuta erbjuder låga räntor kan det leda till att investerarna väljer att fly denna valuta i jakt på andra, med högre räntor. Regeringar som vill vara konkurrenskraftiga på den globala marknaden för varor och tjänster uppmuntra därmed valutaförsvagning. Detta kan leda till vad som kan kallas för ”valutakrig”, en policy som kan leda till politiska spänningar när länderna devalverar sina valutor i ett försök att konkurrera med andra. Naturligtvis kan denna utveckling leda till stora svängningar och osäkerhet.

Det återstår att se när FED höjer slutligen räntor om det blir en reaktion på andra viktiga marknader med andra centralbanker. När det gäller den globala ekonomiska effekterna av dessa skillnader, om andra centralbanker håller fast vid sin lättnadspolitik och kanske till och med öka dem, kan dessa åtgärder uppväga effekterna av FEDs åtstramning. Marknaderna verkar redan ha tagit i beräkningen en åtstramning från FED i år. En liten räntehöjning kommer sannolikt inte har en betydande inverkan på marknaden men om amerikanska räntorna stiger med en procent eller mer så kan påverkan på de globala marknaderna bli större och leda till att andra globala centralbanker följer efter.

Helikopterpengar

Då den nuvarande politiken med negativa räntor inte fungerat som centralbankerna har hoppats på så finns det en möjlighet att bankerna kommer att ta till vad vissa kallar ”helikopterpengar” att släppa pengar direkt i fickorna på konsumenterna att kringgå motvilliga banker och uppmuntra människor att spendera.

Under sådana förhållanden av osäkerhet och okonventionella stimulansåtgärder tenderar förtroendet att försämras och företagsledare att utveckla en ovilja att gå vidare och investera. Detta kan faktiskt leda till motsatsen vad dessa insatser var tänkt att göra; de kan förlänga eller förvärra en tillväxtsavmattning i ekonomin.

På kort sikt är sökandet efter avkastning leder till mer pengar som flyter in i de högre avkastningsaktietillväxtmarknaderna och obligationsmarknaderna, vilket resulterar i den senaste tidens överavkastning för dessa marknader. Vi måste emellertid vara medvetna om makroutvecklingen framkallas av okonventionella centralbankspolitik som kan få oförutsedda konsekvenser för många investerare.

BoJ unlikely to cut rates further

BoJ unlikely to cut rates further

Yesterday, Governor Kuroda presented his “comprehensive assessment” of the BoJ’s monetary easing, a highly anticipated review that resulted in a market sell-off of long-dated Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs) in July as investors feared a reduction in monetary accommodation. In his speech, Kuroda stated that the BoJ will continue to provide monetary easing while suggesting he will refrain from cutting interest rates further. BoJ unlikely to cut rates further.

In his speech, Governor Kuroda insisted on the unlimited capacity of the monetary easing and signaled that the Quantitative and Qualitative Easing (QQE) will remain in place until the BoJ achieves its inflation mandate of 2%. He also observed that inflation is likely to remain close to zero in the near term and mentioned several external factors that have been acting as headwinds to the BoJ’s policy, in particular the negative impact of the announcement of the tax hike in April 2014. The increasing emphasis on structural reforms has been the leitmotiv of Kuroda’s recent speeches. We believe the Japanese government could play an increasing role, through fiscal and tax reforms, in elevating the potential of the economy and in turn lifting inflation expectations.

While investors were focusing on the risks to the size and the duration of the asset purchases, instead Kuroda emphasised the costs of negative interest rates for banks and pensions’ profitability. He added that concerns over the future of the financial intermediaries could weigh on people’s confidence and negatively affect the economy. Overall, Kuroda stressed that monetary policy “should be conducted in a flexible manner” and that the BoJ has a “broad range of options”.

At its next meeting on September 21st, we believe the BoJ could increase the size and enlarge the universe of its asset purchases in order to boost consumer’s confidence while leaving its policy rate unchanged. In the meantime, we expect the JGBs yield curve to remain steep. Long-dated Japanese yields were slightly up on the day, suggesting market participants are still expecting a policy change to steepen the yield curve and alleviate the adverse impacts of negative rates on banks’ profitability.

Morgane Delledonne, Fixed Income Strategist at ETF Securities

Morgane Delledonne joined ETF Securities as Fixed Income Strategist in 2016. Morgane has an extensive experience in Monetary policy, Fixed Income Markets and Macroeconomics gained at the French Treasury’s Office in Washington DC and most recently in her role as Macroeconomist and Strategist at Pictet&Cie in Geneva. Morgane holds a Bachelor of Applied Mathematics from the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis (France), a Master of Economics and Finance Engineering and a Master of Economic Diagnosis from the University of Paris Dauphine (France).

Yen slide to continue

Market Insight – Foreign Exchange Yen slide to continue

Yen slide to continue

Abe urges coordinated response to slow growth

At last week’s G7 summit, Japanese prime minister, Shinzo Abe, urged world leaders to take part in a coordinated fiscal response to lacklustre global growth, comparing current economic conditions to those during the 2008 financial crisis. While the speech failed to garner much support, it did highlight the willingness of Japanese authorities to do more in order to ensure growth and acted as a precursor to Abe’s decision on Wednesday to delay the proposed 2% sales tax hike by two and a half years to October 2019, a move which sent the USD/JPY falling over 1%. While we expect fiscal stimulus to continue to be an important part of achieving the nation’s economic goals, with core inflation so far from its target (2.3% below), it is highly likely that the Bank of Japan (BoJ) will implement further monetary stimulus in coming months. Further loosening should put pressure on the JPY against the US Dollar, as diverging policy paths come increasingly to the fore.

BoJ unlikely to disappoint for much longer

After the sharp JPY rally that followed the disappointment of the BoJ’s last monetary policy meeting, it is understandable that investors may be cautious about the central bank’s intentions. However, the surprising decision to maintain the status quo masked the grim economic picture that was delivered in the BoJ’s quarterly outlook report that was released simultaneously. The report revealed a deep cut to the 2016 inflation forecast and raised concerns over the impact of slowing emerging market demand on Japanese exports. Recent inflation and manufacturing data has likely added to these concerns, showing the second month of declining core consumer prices and the fastest contraction in manufacturing activity in three years (see Figure 1). Given this backdrop, we see the BoJ as more likely to ease than not at its upcoming meeting on June 15th.

Figure 1: Economy remains weak

Positioning shifts

Despite widening nominal yield differentials between Japan and the US, speculative positioning has remained stubbornly JPY bullish, until now. Last week, speculative long JPY positions experienced the largest fall since November 2011, and shorts showed early signs of bottoming. A catalyst in the form of further monetary easing by the BoJ or hawkish comments during Janet Yellen’s World Affairs Council (WAC) speech (6th June) could spur an increasing shift to bearish positioning.

Important Information

This communication has been issued and approved for the purpose of section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 by ETF Securities (UK) Limited (“ETFS UK”) which is authorised and regulated by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (the “FCA”).

The information contained in this communication is for your general information only and is neither an offer for sale nor a solicitation of an offer to buy securities. This communication should not be used as the basis for any investment decision. Historical performance is not an indication of future performance and any investments may go down in value.

This document is not, and under no circumstances is to be construed as, an advertisement or any other step in furtherance of a public offering of shares or securities in the United States or any province or territory thereof. Neither this document nor any copy hereof should be taken, transmitted or distributed (directly or indirectly) into the United States.

This communication may contain independent market commentary prepared by ETFS UK based on publicly available information. Although ETFS UK endeavours to ensure the accuracy of the content in this communication, ETFS UK does not warrant or guarantee its accuracy or correctness. Any third party data providers used to source the information in this communication make no warranties or representation of any kind relating to such data. Where ETFS UK has expressed its own opinions related to product or market activity, these views may change. Neither ETFS UK, nor any affiliate, nor any of their respective officers, directors, partners, or employees accepts any liability whatsoever for any direct or consequential loss arising from any use of this publication or its contents.

ETFS UK is required by the FCA to clarify that it is not acting for you in any way in relation to the investment or investment activity to which this communication relates. In particular, ETFS UK will not provide any investment services to you and or advise you on the merits of, or make any recommendation to you in relation to, the terms of any transaction. No representative of ETFS UK is authorised to behave in any way which would lead you to believe otherwise. ETFS UK is not, therefore, responsible for providing you with the protections afforded to its clients and you should seek your own independent legal, investment and tax or other advice as you see fit.

Limit to Yen rally after BOJ disappoints

Limit to Yen rally after BOJ disappoints

Limit to Yen rally after BOJ disappoints. The Japanese Yen rallied over 3% against the US Dollar after the Bank of Japan’s (BOJ) latest policy decision to ‘stay the course’ with its current stimulus stance and nearly 10% ytd. Such a policy decision is refreshing.

It seems that foreign Japanese investors’ and firms are losing faith with the economic management of the country and reacting by hedging foreign exposures against adverse Yen movements With ongoing concerns over inflation and with the Fed beginning  its tightening cycle.

Decades of low inflation and weak growth have rendered policymakers ineffective in the eyes of investors and burgeoning local savings have moved offshore in search of better returns. Offshore markets provided returns but the Yen’s safe haven characteristic, a stronger local currency can offset better offshore returns. IMF research asserts that the stronger Yen is likely due to a ‘portfolio rebalancing through derivative positions’, which is to say domestic foreign positions being hedged against adverse Yen movements. Limit to Yen rally after BOJ disappoints

Unconventional policy

Unconventional policy does need to be deployed in Japan and perhaps the key reason is hidden in its December monetary policy statement. The BOJ speaks of the ‘conversion of firms’ and households’ deflationary mindset has been progressing’, which is key to raising inflationary expectations and in turn achieving the inflation target. So the BOJ feels its policy is working and that its move to negative interest rates can assist the ‘progress’.

While the market appears to be losing faith in the BOJ, the central bank appears to be committed to its unconventional policy and wants to see it work its way through the economy given time. Indeed, it was only in January that negative rates were implemented and monetary policy has a lagged impact. Japanese companies clearly hedge their foreign operations, whether that be trade or investment related. It is for this reason that central bank policy needs to be independent of market expectations and shouldn’t be concerned about the day-to-day gyrations of the local currency. The BOJ was right to ignore the market’s expectations for policy. Such a policy decision is refreshing in the light of the US Fed being swayed by market angst and potentially trapping itself in a dangerous policy spiral , which is based on the markets’ view and not fundamentals.

Nonetheless, we expect more stimulus in 2016 to come from the BOJ, and with the Fed tightening, we feel this knee-jerk rally to the latest policy move is limited.

Click to enlarge

Martin Arnold, Global FX & Commodity Strategist at ETF Securities

Martin Arnold joined ETF Securities as a research analyst in 2009 and was promoted to Global FX & Commodity Strategist in 2014. Martin has a wealth of experience in strategy and economics with his most recent role formulating an FX strategy at an independent research consultancy. Martin has a strong background in macroeconomics and financial analysis – gained both at the Reserve Bank of Australia and in the private commercial banking sector – and experience covering a range of asset classes including equities and bonds. Martin holds a Bachelor of Economics from the University of New South Wales (Australia), a Master of Commerce from the University of Wollongong (Australia) and attained a Graduate Diploma of Applied Finance and Investment from the Securities Institute of Australia.